MAHATMA GANDHI (1869-1948)
M.K.Gandhi the “Father of our Nation” was a great philosopher and educationist. He formulated his on views/Philosophy on life. contributed his views to many fields” religious, politics, social, educational, rural development etc., He had profound faith in god and he believe in unit of man.
Some of the philosophical doctrines of Gandhi are the concept of god, truth, non-violence, morality, service equality, Eradication of social evils, dignity of lobour, sarvodaya society, panchayat raj, eradication of untouchability etc. To him truth is God, rather God is truth. Truth means the inner voice within the individual . Gandhi is a combination of idealism, naturalism and pragmatism. Gandhi got permanent place in “India freedom movements” and rightly called as “Navodya Bhaskara “. His very important contribution to education is “ Basic education”.
PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY:
From 7-14 years of age education should be free, compulsory and universal.
The medium of instruction should be mother tongue.
\No place for English in the education of a child.
Mere literacy can’t be equate with education.
Developments of human values in the child.
Education should achieve the harmonious development of child’s body ,mind, heart and soul
Important of basic education.
Education should be made self supporting through some productive work.
Education should ;lead to economic independence and self-reliance for livelihood.
Education should create useful , responsible and dynamic citizens.
MEAING OF EDUCATION:
Gandhi , “ By education, I mean as all-round drawing out of the best in child and man body mind and spirit”.
According to him literacy is not education Literacy is one of the means of education through which men and women can be educated. The right education is that social and spiritual facilities of the child,
Hi laid great stress pm the development of 3H’s other that R’s. Education must help the child for complete development. According to Gandhi education should be learning through earning. The education should help to earn his livelihood by development of vocationsl skills and abilities . For this he emphasized on craft work in education . To him “ True education is one which prepares integrated personality”..
AIMS OF EDUCATION ACCORDING TO GANDHI:
VOCATIONAL/SELF SUPPORTING AIM:
According to Gandhi, education is the insurance against unemployment. Education should help the child to become self-sufficient in his later life.
SPIRITUAL AIM:
Education must help the development of spirituality by culturing the values of service, dedication, self-realization, co-operation, love and brotherhood, etc.
AN ALROUND DEVELOPMENT BY TRAINING THE HEAD:
Education should produce integrated personality by development of intellectual, physical, social, moral, spiritual faculties. For this he suggested various mental and manual activities for 3H’s development.
TRAINING FOR CITIZENSHIP QUALITIES:
Education is a sort of training and it must train the child for better citizenship . It should cultivate the qualities of a citizen . Such as co-operation, civic-sense brotherhood, loyalty, equality, secular out look, broad mindedness and qualities of leadership.
CULTIVATION OF HUMAN VALUES:
Such a sympathy, love, peace, non-violence , dignity of labour, tolerances of religion, patriotism etc.
Totally education should prepare a man for life.
CURRICULUM:
Gandhi suggested child centered, activity based, productive based functional curriculum in order to develop the physical intellectual and spiritual development of the child.
It is vocationalised the core of the curriculum is practical activities like spinning, weaving, agriculture, a craft centered activity no prominence to text books.
Emphasis on health, cleanliness, play and citizenship. It has language mathematics, social studies, drawing, general science home science, music nature study prominence of hand writing and astronomy.
METHODS OF TEACHING:
He emphasized the important of the following principles in the method of teaching.
Reading should proceed the teaching of writing .
Training of sense and parts of body.
Before teaching of alphabets, art training should be given.
Opportunities by learning and doing.
Correlation should be established in the teaching method and learning experience of co-curricular activities.
DISCIPLINE ACCORING TO GANDHI:
Gandhi emphasized self-discipline. According to him the discipline should come out through self relation . Self understand he suggested voluntary discipline group and social discipline through group activities non-violence and good conduct.
BASIC EDUCATION (1937)
One of the most important educational of Gandhi is basic education. It was formulated in 1932 when Gandhi was in jail and it was accepted in “wardha educational conference “ on 23rd October 1937 . The Basic education is the basic need of all children and it given knowledge and skills to children.
MAIN FEATURES OF BASIC EDUCATION:
FREE AND COMPULSORY PRIMARY EDUCATION:
For all in the age group of 6-14 years . After Gandhi the free India accepted this suggestion in state policy under article 45 of the constitution.
CRAFT AS THE CENTRE OF EDUCATION:
Gandhi emphasized craft activities manual work and other productive works in basic education . according to hi basic education should be through craft works .
SELF SUPPORTING IDEA:
The basic education was concentrating in productive activities which support the child to learn and earn the livelihood.
MOTHER TONGUE SHOULD BE THE MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION :
Gandhi suggested the education or teaching through mother tongue this will heplp the child to all-round development and the development of self thinking .
IDEAS OF CITIZENSHIP:
Basic education was reflecting the qualities of good citizenship . For this Gandhi included various mental and manual activities in basic education. They are camps, manual work, projects, community work etc.
COMMUNITY LIFE AND CO-OPERATIVE LIVING:
Basic education was outcome of social and productive educative and one of the aims was community development. Gandhi suggested ideas of community life, co-operation, social living in basic education.
DIGINITY OF LABOUR:
One of the aims of basic education was development of dignity of labour. For this he suggested manual work and handicraft.
CURRICULUM OF BASIC EDUCATION:
Basic crafts, mental and manual work, ideals of citizenship, principle of truth an non-violence . Teaching of mother tongue world history social studies, drawing and music.
Basic education is suitable to develop vocational skill and abilities through this we can develop sufficiency and dignity of labour and their by we can increase national product. I help for individuals and national development.
LIMITATIONS OF BASIC EDUCATION:
It was not technically based.
No space for secondary education and higher education.
Not good for urban people.
No correlation between basic craft and general educati00on.
Defects in the time table.
\There was opposition from the higher class people.
Less importance to academic subjects.
Less scope for reading and writing.
Economic self-sufficiency could not be achieved.
Lack of trained teachers.
Failed to achieve community support.
No proper market system for goods prepared by school.
SWAMI VIVEKANANDA (1863-1902)
Swami vivekanda was the prominent saint of modern India. He was not belonging to a history. He belongs to present and future. He was a unique educator and known for his service and humanity. He wanted to review the ancient wisdom of India and succeeded in the re-establishment of glories of India. His rational and human views and inspired facts are valuable for many centuries. He gave the universal and human massage to India young about man making and nation building. He emphasize harmony and peace in national life,
Swami wanted to make India as self development and powerful. Her served for the eplifiment of humanity and universal brotherhood. He was asocial educational moral, cultural, religious etc. Vivekananda was a vedantist and one of the chief discipline of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. He interpreted Vedas, Upanishads in most scientifically and humanity.
MEANING OF EDUCATION:
“Education is the manifestation of divine perfection already existing in man”.
All knowledge is inherent in man no knowledge comes from outside . Education is the instrument to the manifestation of the same.
According to swami education is not be mistaken for more virtues, education and religion should together equip people for the struggle of life for bringing out the strength of character and courage.
Education is not the amount of information, but into one’s brain. It is the education which draws out he inborn innate qualities or potentialities. Education educating a child is growing a plant . A plant grown according to its own nature i.e. based on innate powers. Education can provide suitable environment activities, training for the drawing and growing of innate powers.
To him the real education is that by which character is formed. Strength of body and mind us increased .The intellect is expanded and by which one can stand on his own feet.
AIM OF EDUCATION:
To him the end of all educational training should be man making and nation building we must have this kind of man making life building character formation and stimulation of ideas .
THE AIM OF CHARACTER BUILDING:
Education should form the character. To him character is the care basic element. Education should promote pure thought. Pure hearts and purity of action . It should cultivate human values and national conduct for this he suggested meditation service and study of humanity . He emphasized that essential and above all love.
CREATION OF SELF CONFIDENCE AND SELF REALISATION:
Education should work for human excellence and individual development. It helps the child for the development of self. Self realization self dependent and self lessons. It must make a man conscious about his innate powers and potentialities.
PHYSICAL AND INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT:
Education should work for human produce purushasimhas. It should make a man with muscle of iron and nerves of steel . To him physical strength and functional mind and open heart is important for good life. He rightly told strength is life and weakness is death. All diseases still occupy the weak body and weak mind. He suggested yoga meditation, manual work, service and brahmacharya for physical and development.
EDUCATION FOR PROMOTION OF UNIVERSAL BROTHERHOOD.
Vivekananda is called as vishwamanava he emphasized oneness, harmony, unity, love and manavadharma for universal brotherhood. He suggested the teaching of world History, great personality international relations to attain the oneness.
EDUCATION FOR SERVICE OF MANKIND:
He rightly told told that “ They alone the who lives for other . The rest are move dead though alive “. This indicates the service to mankind. Educated people must think about poor and low trodden and should serve them. To him service to poor is equivalent of worshiping god.
EDUCATION FOR WORKS CULTURE DIGNITY OF LABOUR:
He emphasized Ashram a culture through education. Education should promote vocationally skills abilities and it should develop the values of dignity of about educated people must be in the position of eradicate the poverty and education serves the hungry millions.
EDUCATION FOR SPRITITUAL DEVELOPMENT:
Vivekananda was the source of the spirituality and stressed spiritual upligiment through education. TO him spirituality is the back bone of India and spiritual education must be given by scientific analysis of Veda Upanishads and religion. He suggested meditation, service moral values for spiritual development.
VIVEKANANDA MAN MAKING AND NATION BUILDING EDUCATION:
In Vivekananda view ‘the end of all education should be man making and nation building. Education should prepare integrate personalities and in turn they should work for action building . In man making education be emphasized the following .
The education by which character is formed strength of body mind increase intellect is expanded and by which one should be self dependent .
Education should help to bring one, self selflessness, self realization self understanding .
It must draw out the innate powers and promote them into maximum extent.
It must expand emotional moral and spiritual facilities of the individuals.
Education should include the value like service, love peace courage, Totally he wants to prepay man as purusha simhas with muscles of iron and nerve of steel i.e integrated personality which helps for the nation building.
According to him India is living in cottage and the reconstruction should start from cottage by education the mass. He told that the poor and down trodden can’t come form ward to education. Let education should reach the doors of down trodden and mass .
CURRICULUM ACCORDING TO VIVEKANANDA:
He has suggested the synthesis of religion . Spiritually and science in education one side he recommended the study of Vedas, Upanishads human values religion philosophy and literature. On the other hand he suggested western science and other modern subjects.
VIVEKANADA’S VIEW ONMETHODS OF TEACHING
According to him the very essence of education is ‘concentration of mind an do not collection of facts”. The power of concentration helps the individual to create the original knowledge by independent and creative thinking.
He emphasized ancient spiritual methods of teaching. The essential characteristics are:
Practice of Yoga.
Develop the mind by concentration deep meditation.
To gain knowledge through lectures, discussions, self experience and creative activities.
Individual guidance by the teacher.
ROLE OF TEACHER ACCORDING TO SWAMIJI
He was a great teacher of mankind. He served the upliftment of humanity. According to him without personal touch and personal influence there would to be no education . The teacher himself is a man of education as well as means of education. The teacher should reflect purity of heart pure thought and pure action . He should be a man of kind, honest service to humanity strength courage and ideals.
According to Vivekananda a true teacher is one who can come down to the level of his student’s soul. He must teach not from books to books but heart from heart. HE must understand through their mind, see through their eyes, hear through their ears and tell through their hearts,. Swamiji told that “worship your teacher as god, but don’t obey him blindly” .According to him a tyagi, should become a teacher.
RELIGION ACCORIDING TO VIVEKANDA:
Religion is not doctrine. It is the realization of divine perfection. Religions help to self realization, selflessness and service. According to swamiji religion and education together equip the people of the struggle in life. He rightly said that service to man is worship to god . TO him religion should reach the poor without any discrimination . He emphasized humanism and secular religion. He recommended the teaching of human values through religious components.
WOMEN EDUCATION:
He was champion of women education . He was highly impressed by women of America working with men’s shoulder to shoulder. According to him women should be given equal opportunities and should be treated as mothers. He recommended the study of history , Puranas housekeeping, moral ;values and spirituality.
VIvekanda was a real educationist and his educational ideas very appropriate to the present world. HE has strong faith in young generation and the give the heavy message to the young “Arise awake and stop not till the goal is reached”.
M.K.Gandhi the “Father of our Nation” was a great philosopher and educationist. He formulated his on views/Philosophy on life. contributed his views to many fields” religious, politics, social, educational, rural development etc., He had profound faith in god and he believe in unit of man.
Some of the philosophical doctrines of Gandhi are the concept of god, truth, non-violence, morality, service equality, Eradication of social evils, dignity of lobour, sarvodaya society, panchayat raj, eradication of untouchability etc. To him truth is God, rather God is truth. Truth means the inner voice within the individual . Gandhi is a combination of idealism, naturalism and pragmatism. Gandhi got permanent place in “India freedom movements” and rightly called as “Navodya Bhaskara “. His very important contribution to education is “ Basic education”.
PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY:
From 7-14 years of age education should be free, compulsory and universal.
The medium of instruction should be mother tongue.
\No place for English in the education of a child.
Mere literacy can’t be equate with education.
Developments of human values in the child.
Education should achieve the harmonious development of child’s body ,mind, heart and soul
Important of basic education.
Education should be made self supporting through some productive work.
Education should ;lead to economic independence and self-reliance for livelihood.
Education should create useful , responsible and dynamic citizens.
MEAING OF EDUCATION:
Gandhi , “ By education, I mean as all-round drawing out of the best in child and man body mind and spirit”.
According to him literacy is not education Literacy is one of the means of education through which men and women can be educated. The right education is that social and spiritual facilities of the child,
Hi laid great stress pm the development of 3H’s other that R’s. Education must help the child for complete development. According to Gandhi education should be learning through earning. The education should help to earn his livelihood by development of vocationsl skills and abilities . For this he emphasized on craft work in education . To him “ True education is one which prepares integrated personality”..
AIMS OF EDUCATION ACCORDING TO GANDHI:
VOCATIONAL/SELF SUPPORTING AIM:
According to Gandhi, education is the insurance against unemployment. Education should help the child to become self-sufficient in his later life.
SPIRITUAL AIM:
Education must help the development of spirituality by culturing the values of service, dedication, self-realization, co-operation, love and brotherhood, etc.
AN ALROUND DEVELOPMENT BY TRAINING THE HEAD:
Education should produce integrated personality by development of intellectual, physical, social, moral, spiritual faculties. For this he suggested various mental and manual activities for 3H’s development.
TRAINING FOR CITIZENSHIP QUALITIES:
Education is a sort of training and it must train the child for better citizenship . It should cultivate the qualities of a citizen . Such as co-operation, civic-sense brotherhood, loyalty, equality, secular out look, broad mindedness and qualities of leadership.
CULTIVATION OF HUMAN VALUES:
Such a sympathy, love, peace, non-violence , dignity of labour, tolerances of religion, patriotism etc.
Totally education should prepare a man for life.
CURRICULUM:
Gandhi suggested child centered, activity based, productive based functional curriculum in order to develop the physical intellectual and spiritual development of the child.
It is vocationalised the core of the curriculum is practical activities like spinning, weaving, agriculture, a craft centered activity no prominence to text books.
Emphasis on health, cleanliness, play and citizenship. It has language mathematics, social studies, drawing, general science home science, music nature study prominence of hand writing and astronomy.
METHODS OF TEACHING:
He emphasized the important of the following principles in the method of teaching.
Reading should proceed the teaching of writing .
Training of sense and parts of body.
Before teaching of alphabets, art training should be given.
Opportunities by learning and doing.
Correlation should be established in the teaching method and learning experience of co-curricular activities.
DISCIPLINE ACCORING TO GANDHI:
Gandhi emphasized self-discipline. According to him the discipline should come out through self relation . Self understand he suggested voluntary discipline group and social discipline through group activities non-violence and good conduct.
BASIC EDUCATION (1937)
One of the most important educational of Gandhi is basic education. It was formulated in 1932 when Gandhi was in jail and it was accepted in “wardha educational conference “ on 23rd October 1937 . The Basic education is the basic need of all children and it given knowledge and skills to children.
MAIN FEATURES OF BASIC EDUCATION:
FREE AND COMPULSORY PRIMARY EDUCATION:
For all in the age group of 6-14 years . After Gandhi the free India accepted this suggestion in state policy under article 45 of the constitution.
CRAFT AS THE CENTRE OF EDUCATION:
Gandhi emphasized craft activities manual work and other productive works in basic education . according to hi basic education should be through craft works .
SELF SUPPORTING IDEA:
The basic education was concentrating in productive activities which support the child to learn and earn the livelihood.
MOTHER TONGUE SHOULD BE THE MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION :
Gandhi suggested the education or teaching through mother tongue this will heplp the child to all-round development and the development of self thinking .
IDEAS OF CITIZENSHIP:
Basic education was reflecting the qualities of good citizenship . For this Gandhi included various mental and manual activities in basic education. They are camps, manual work, projects, community work etc.
COMMUNITY LIFE AND CO-OPERATIVE LIVING:
Basic education was outcome of social and productive educative and one of the aims was community development. Gandhi suggested ideas of community life, co-operation, social living in basic education.
DIGINITY OF LABOUR:
One of the aims of basic education was development of dignity of labour. For this he suggested manual work and handicraft.
CURRICULUM OF BASIC EDUCATION:
Basic crafts, mental and manual work, ideals of citizenship, principle of truth an non-violence . Teaching of mother tongue world history social studies, drawing and music.
Basic education is suitable to develop vocational skill and abilities through this we can develop sufficiency and dignity of labour and their by we can increase national product. I help for individuals and national development.
LIMITATIONS OF BASIC EDUCATION:
It was not technically based.
No space for secondary education and higher education.
Not good for urban people.
No correlation between basic craft and general educati00on.
Defects in the time table.
\There was opposition from the higher class people.
Less importance to academic subjects.
Less scope for reading and writing.
Economic self-sufficiency could not be achieved.
Lack of trained teachers.
Failed to achieve community support.
No proper market system for goods prepared by school.
SWAMI VIVEKANANDA (1863-1902)
Swami vivekanda was the prominent saint of modern India. He was not belonging to a history. He belongs to present and future. He was a unique educator and known for his service and humanity. He wanted to review the ancient wisdom of India and succeeded in the re-establishment of glories of India. His rational and human views and inspired facts are valuable for many centuries. He gave the universal and human massage to India young about man making and nation building. He emphasize harmony and peace in national life,
Swami wanted to make India as self development and powerful. Her served for the eplifiment of humanity and universal brotherhood. He was asocial educational moral, cultural, religious etc. Vivekananda was a vedantist and one of the chief discipline of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. He interpreted Vedas, Upanishads in most scientifically and humanity.
MEANING OF EDUCATION:
“Education is the manifestation of divine perfection already existing in man”.
All knowledge is inherent in man no knowledge comes from outside . Education is the instrument to the manifestation of the same.
According to swami education is not be mistaken for more virtues, education and religion should together equip people for the struggle of life for bringing out the strength of character and courage.
Education is not the amount of information, but into one’s brain. It is the education which draws out he inborn innate qualities or potentialities. Education educating a child is growing a plant . A plant grown according to its own nature i.e. based on innate powers. Education can provide suitable environment activities, training for the drawing and growing of innate powers.
To him the real education is that by which character is formed. Strength of body and mind us increased .The intellect is expanded and by which one can stand on his own feet.
AIM OF EDUCATION:
To him the end of all educational training should be man making and nation building we must have this kind of man making life building character formation and stimulation of ideas .
THE AIM OF CHARACTER BUILDING:
Education should form the character. To him character is the care basic element. Education should promote pure thought. Pure hearts and purity of action . It should cultivate human values and national conduct for this he suggested meditation service and study of humanity . He emphasized that essential and above all love.
CREATION OF SELF CONFIDENCE AND SELF REALISATION:
Education should work for human excellence and individual development. It helps the child for the development of self. Self realization self dependent and self lessons. It must make a man conscious about his innate powers and potentialities.
PHYSICAL AND INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT:
Education should work for human produce purushasimhas. It should make a man with muscle of iron and nerves of steel . To him physical strength and functional mind and open heart is important for good life. He rightly told strength is life and weakness is death. All diseases still occupy the weak body and weak mind. He suggested yoga meditation, manual work, service and brahmacharya for physical and development.
EDUCATION FOR PROMOTION OF UNIVERSAL BROTHERHOOD.
Vivekananda is called as vishwamanava he emphasized oneness, harmony, unity, love and manavadharma for universal brotherhood. He suggested the teaching of world History, great personality international relations to attain the oneness.
EDUCATION FOR SERVICE OF MANKIND:
He rightly told told that “ They alone the who lives for other . The rest are move dead though alive “. This indicates the service to mankind. Educated people must think about poor and low trodden and should serve them. To him service to poor is equivalent of worshiping god.
EDUCATION FOR WORKS CULTURE DIGNITY OF LABOUR:
He emphasized Ashram a culture through education. Education should promote vocationally skills abilities and it should develop the values of dignity of about educated people must be in the position of eradicate the poverty and education serves the hungry millions.
EDUCATION FOR SPRITITUAL DEVELOPMENT:
Vivekananda was the source of the spirituality and stressed spiritual upligiment through education. TO him spirituality is the back bone of India and spiritual education must be given by scientific analysis of Veda Upanishads and religion. He suggested meditation, service moral values for spiritual development.
VIVEKANANDA MAN MAKING AND NATION BUILDING EDUCATION:
In Vivekananda view ‘the end of all education should be man making and nation building. Education should prepare integrate personalities and in turn they should work for action building . In man making education be emphasized the following .
The education by which character is formed strength of body mind increase intellect is expanded and by which one should be self dependent .
Education should help to bring one, self selflessness, self realization self understanding .
It must draw out the innate powers and promote them into maximum extent.
It must expand emotional moral and spiritual facilities of the individuals.
Education should include the value like service, love peace courage, Totally he wants to prepay man as purusha simhas with muscles of iron and nerve of steel i.e integrated personality which helps for the nation building.
According to him India is living in cottage and the reconstruction should start from cottage by education the mass. He told that the poor and down trodden can’t come form ward to education. Let education should reach the doors of down trodden and mass .
CURRICULUM ACCORDING TO VIVEKANANDA:
He has suggested the synthesis of religion . Spiritually and science in education one side he recommended the study of Vedas, Upanishads human values religion philosophy and literature. On the other hand he suggested western science and other modern subjects.
VIVEKANADA’S VIEW ONMETHODS OF TEACHING
According to him the very essence of education is ‘concentration of mind an do not collection of facts”. The power of concentration helps the individual to create the original knowledge by independent and creative thinking.
He emphasized ancient spiritual methods of teaching. The essential characteristics are:
Practice of Yoga.
Develop the mind by concentration deep meditation.
To gain knowledge through lectures, discussions, self experience and creative activities.
Individual guidance by the teacher.
ROLE OF TEACHER ACCORDING TO SWAMIJI
He was a great teacher of mankind. He served the upliftment of humanity. According to him without personal touch and personal influence there would to be no education . The teacher himself is a man of education as well as means of education. The teacher should reflect purity of heart pure thought and pure action . He should be a man of kind, honest service to humanity strength courage and ideals.
According to Vivekananda a true teacher is one who can come down to the level of his student’s soul. He must teach not from books to books but heart from heart. HE must understand through their mind, see through their eyes, hear through their ears and tell through their hearts,. Swamiji told that “worship your teacher as god, but don’t obey him blindly” .According to him a tyagi, should become a teacher.
RELIGION ACCORIDING TO VIVEKANDA:
Religion is not doctrine. It is the realization of divine perfection. Religions help to self realization, selflessness and service. According to swamiji religion and education together equip the people of the struggle in life. He rightly said that service to man is worship to god . TO him religion should reach the poor without any discrimination . He emphasized humanism and secular religion. He recommended the teaching of human values through religious components.
WOMEN EDUCATION:
He was champion of women education . He was highly impressed by women of America working with men’s shoulder to shoulder. According to him women should be given equal opportunities and should be treated as mothers. He recommended the study of history , Puranas housekeeping, moral ;values and spirituality.
VIvekanda was a real educationist and his educational ideas very appropriate to the present world. HE has strong faith in young generation and the give the heavy message to the young “Arise awake and stop not till the goal is reached”.
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